Astronomers have observed a small, massive object at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy. A ring of material orbits this massive object; the ring has a diameter of about 15 light-years and an orbital speed of about 190 km/s.

a. Determine the mass of the object at the center of the Milky Way galaxy. Give your answer both in kilograms and in solar masses (one solar mass is the mass of the sun).
b. Observations of stars, as well as theories of the structure of stars, suggest that it is impossible for a single star to have a mass of more than about 50 solar masses. Can this massive object be a single, ordinary star?
c. Many astronomers believe that the massive object at the center of the Milky Way galaxy is a black hole. If so, what must the Schwarzschild radius of this black hole be? Would a black hole of this size fit inside the earth’s orbit around the sun?

A) In Kg, M = 3.84 x 10^(37) kg ; In solar masses, M = 1.931 x 10^(7) solar masses

B) No, it can't be a single ordinary star.

C)Schwarzschild Radius = 5.69 x 10^(10)m

- Yes, a black hole of the object size can fit into the earths orbital radius.

Explanation:

A) Let's assume that the ring shaped disk is circular and thus, to find the mass of the object at the centre of the milky way, we can use the circular orbit equation;

v = √(GM/r)

where;

G is the gravitational constant and has a value of 6.67 x 10^(-11) Nm²/kg²

R is the radius of the orbit,

M is the mass of the larger object

v = velocity = 190km/s = 190000 m/s

The question says it has a diameter of 15 light years. Thus, radius = 15/2 = 7.5 light years

Now, let's convert it to metres.

1 light year = 9.4605 x 10^(15) m

Thus,7.5 light years = 7.5 x 9.4605 x 10^(15) m

Making M the subject of the formula;

M = v²r/G

Plugging all the relevant values, we have;

M = [190000² x 7.5 x 9.4605 x 10^(15)]/6.67 x 10^(-11)

M = 3.84 x 10^(37) kg

The question says we should also express this value in solar mass.

To do this, we'll just divide this mass by the mass of the sun.

Now, mass of the sun generally has a value of 1.9891 x 10^(30) kg

Thus, value of mass of object in solar masses = 3.84 x 10^(37)/1.9891 x 10^(30) = 1.931 x 10^(7) solar masses

B) No, it cant be a single ordinary star because this object has a mass of 1.931 x 10^(7) solar masses and since it is impossible for a single star to have a mass of more than about 50 solar masses, the mass of the object is far greater than the minimum mass of a start and thus the object cannot be a single ordinary star.

C) The formula for Schwarzschild radius is given as;

R_s = 2GM/c²

Where c is speed of light = 3 x 10^(8) m/s

Thus,

R_s = 2 x 6.67 x 10^(-11) x 3.84 x 10^(37)/(3 x 10^(8))² = 5.69 x 10^(10)m

To find out if a black hole of this size fit inside the earth’s orbit around the sun.

Radius of Earths orbit (R_e) is given as;

R_e = 149.6 x 10^(6) km = 14.9 x 10^(10) m

Comparing R_s and R_e, we see that R_s is lesser than R_e and thus, the object can fit into the earths orbital radius.

54 degrees incident angle = reflected angle

angle is from normal turned to line of ray