The peak luminosity of a white dwarf supernova is around 1010 Lsun, and it remains brighter than 108 Lsun for about 150 days. In comparison, the luminosity of a bright Cepheid variable star is about 10,000 Lsun. The Hubble Space Telescope is sensitive enough to make accurate measurements of apparent brightness for Cepheid variable stars up to a distance of about 100 million light-years. Estimate the distance of a fading white dwarf supernova of luminosity 108 Lsun whose apparent brightness is comparable to that of a bright Cepheid variable star 100 million light-years from Earth. How does the distance of that supernova compare to the size of the observable universe?
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Large electric fields in cell membranes cause ions to move through the cell wall. the field strength in a typical membrane is 1.0 x 10 7 n/c. what is the magnitude of the force on a calcium ion with charge +e? what is its acceleration? is it possible for a particle with the same charge as as calcium to have a different acceleration if placed at this location? what would change the acceleration: mass of the particle? diameter of the particle?
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The peak luminosity of a white dwarf supernova is around 1010 Lsun, and it remains brighter than 108...
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