In this experiment we will observe the magnetic fields produced by a current carrying wire. A long wire is suspended vertically, passing through a horizontal platform. The wire is connected to a power supply, allowing a current of 5.0 Amps to flow. A compass is placed on the platform stand near the vertical wire. When no current is present in the wire, the compass needle points in the same direction any where around the wire due to the Earth’s magnetic field. When a current flows through the wire, the compass needle deflects in a direction tangent to a circle, which is the direction of the magnetic field created by the current carrying wire.

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Explanation:

Solution:-

Electric current produces a magnetic field. This magnetic field can be visualized as a pattern of circular field lines surrounding a wire. One way to explore the direction of a magnetic field is with a compass, as shown by a long straight current-carrying wire in. Hall probes can determine the magnitude of the field. Another version of the right hand rule emerges from this exploration and is valid for any current segment—point the thumb in the direction of the current, and the fingers curl in the direction of the magnetic field loops created by it.

Compasses placed near a long straight current-carrying wire indicate that field lines form circular loops centered on the wire. Right hand rule 2 states that, if the right hand thumb points in the direction of the current, the fingers curl in the direction of the field. This rule is consistent with the field mapped for the long straight wire and is valid for any current segment.

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- The equation for the magnetic field strength - B - (magnitude) produced by a long straight current-carrying wire is given by the Biot Savart Law:

Where,

I : The current,

r : The shortest distance to the wire,

uo : The permeability of free space. = 4π * 10^-7  T. m/A

-  Since the wire is very long, the magnitude of the field depends only on distance from the wire r, not on position along the wire. This is one of the simplest cases to calculate the magnetic field strength - B - from a current.

- The magnetic field of a long straight wire has more implications than one might first suspect. Each segment of current produces a magnetic field like that of a long straight wire, and the total field of any shape current is the vector sum of the fields due to each segment. The formal statement of the direction and magnitude of the field due to each segment is called the Biot-Savart law. Integral calculus is needed to sum the field for an arbitrary shape current. The Biot-Savart law is written in its complete form as:

Where the integral sums over,

 1) The wire length where vector dl = direction of current (in or out of plane)

 2) r is the distance between the location of dl and the location at which the magnetic field is being calculated

 3)  r^ is a unit vector in the direction of r.