2. Light rays from stars bend toward smaller angles as they enter Earth's atmosphere. a. Explain why this happens using Snell's law and the speed of light. b. Where are the actual stars in relation to their apparent position as viewed from the Earth's surface

Explanation:

a)Snell's law states that when light travels from a rarer to a denser substance, like air to water or from a less dense layer of the atmosphere to a denser layer, it bends towards the normal{an imaginary line that is perpendicular to the surface of both media}. However,the opposite occurs when light moves from a more dense to a less dense medium. The angle between the normal and the refracted light ray is known as the angle of refraction.

In case of earth as light from the stars enters the earth atmosphere it bends towards smaller angle because the earth density increases as the light travel towards the earth troposphere from the exosphere as per the Snell's law described above.

b)Light rays that travel straight down do not bend, while rays that enter the Earth's atmosphere at a shallower angle get refracted and bend towards the normal, roughly following the direction of the Earth's curvature.

This means that celestial objects in the zenith position directly above you appear in the correct position, while objects closer to the horizon appear to be higher up in the sky than they actually are.

grav potential energy

we need to know the time interval during which the force acts. impulse of force = momentum change