Sam uses a flame to heat a metal rod. He measures the temperature and finds that over time, temperature increases first closest to the flame and then farther away from the flame. How can Sam explain what is happening on the molecular level as the flame heats the metal rod through conduction?

An ice-making machine inside a refrigerator operates in a carnot cycle. it takes heat from liquid water at 0.0 degrees celsius and rejects heat to a room at a temperature of 19.2 degrees celsius. suppose that liquid water with a mass of 76.3kg at 0.0 degrees celsius is converted to ice at the same temperature. take the heat of fusion for water to be l_f = 3.34*10^5 j/kg.how much energy e must be supplied to the device? express your answer in joules.