The valence of an element or radical is

a. less than the number of positive or negative charges on the ion.
b. greater than the number of positive or negative charges on the ion.
c. equal to the number of positive or negative charges on the ion.
d. not related to the number of positive or negative charges on the ion

Option (c) is the correct answer.

Explanation:

Valance means the number of electrons present in the outermost shell of an element.

Valence of an element or radical also depends on the negative or positive charges on the ions.

For example, an atom of Na (sodium) has 11 electrons whereas ion will have only 10 electrons.

When there is a positive charge on an ion then we subtract the respective number of electrons. Whereas when there is negative charge on an ion then we will add the respective number of electrons.

r = ρ x length / area  

ρ = r x area / length  

ρ is in ohm-meters  

in basic units, it is m³kg/s³a²  

i think this is it.