If the astronaut from question #9 collides with a satellite and comes to a complete stop, where did his momentum go? Explain this in terms of conservation of momentum.

    m v ´- MV = (m + M) v ’

Explanation:

If the astronaut initially has a speed v the satellite has a speed V, we can define a system that is formed by the two bodies, therefore the forces during the collision are internal, so the momentum is conserved

initial instant. Before the crash

          p₀ = m v - MV

final instatne. After the crash, we have two cases

1) inelastic shock

          m_f = (m + M) v '

          p₀ = p_f

         m v ´- MV = (m + M) v ’

2) elastic collision with the astronaut's velocity, zero in this case the moment remains

        m v - MV = mv ’+ Mv’

also the kinetic energy is conserved

       mv'2 + M V2 = mv'2 + m v'2

with these two equations we can find the speed of the cars

as we know our atmosphere or air have different levels. every level has other gasses, and every gas has another permeability. when the light comes from lower permeability to higher permeability, it changes its direction. so that means that when the light comes from the moon to the earth, it changes it's direction many more times. it basically means that the shape of the light part of the moon is changed on the earth.

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