Why does the transition of light waves from water to air make it seem as if fish and other things in a pond are shallower than they actually are?

Suppose a diode consists of a cylindrical cathode with a radius of 6.200×10^−2 cm , mounted coaxially within a cylindrical anode with a radius of 0.5580 cm . the potential difference between the anode and cathode is 260 v . an electron leaves the surface of the cathode with zero initial speed (v initial=0). find its speed vfinal when it strikes the anode.