I cannot understand this can someone please walk me through it and give me answers

When electrons are added to the outermost shell of a carbon atom, it forms--an anion that has a larger anion that has a smaller cation that has a larger cation that has a smaller radius.

Simon is writing a story about an astronaut whose spacecraft has been boarded by space pirates. the astronaut has her lucky penny in her hand behind her back as the space pirates break into the control room. she has just locked the controls so that the ship is accelerating in the direction of the control room’s ceiling. simon wants the astronaut to use the penny to hit a button on the control panel to turn off the lights and escape. the button is located a short distance behind and below the astronaut’s hands. how should simon use the theory of relativity to describe what the astronaut must do in order to hit the button?

Which type of reaction is shown in this energy diagram ?