Explain retrograde motion and why it confused early astronomers as they viewed the motion of objects in the sky.

Explanation:

Retrograde motion in astronomy is, in general, orbital or rotational motion of an object in the direction opposite the rotation of its primary, that is, the central object (right figure). It may also describe other motions such as precession or nutation of an object's rotational axis. Prograde or direct motion is more normal motion in the same direction as the primary rotates. However, "retrograde" and "prograde" can also refer to an object other than the primary if so described. The direction of rotation is determined by an inertial frame of reference, such as distant fixed stars.

come closer and become far apart and become steam/gas

another example of kinetic energy would be,

kinetic energy   >     moving energy

answer   >   letter choice (c),   a hammer falling off a table.

hope that !                                         : )