Earth's layers formed as result of differentiation. during differentiation, different zones of elements form layers and today we know these layers are made up of different elements. certain elements sunk to the center while others collected near the surface. we might predict that the elements, like iron and nickel, formed the core.
a) heavier
b) least dense
c) light weight
d) first crystallized

An uncharged nonconductive hollow sphere of radius 18.0 cm surrounds a 12.0 µc charge located at the origin of a cartesian coordinate system. a drill with a radius of 1.00 mm is aligned along the z axis, and a hole is drilled in the sphere. calculate the electric flux through the hole.

Electric charge is uniformly distributed inside a nonconducting sphere of radius 0.30 m. the electric field at a point p, which is 0.50 m from the center of the sphere, is 15,000 n/c and is directed radially outward. what is the maximum magnitude of the electric field due to this sphere

Some material consisting of a collection of microscopic objects is kept at a high temperature. a photon detector capable of detecting photon energies from infrared through ultraviolet observes photons emitted with energies of 0.3 ev, 0.5 ev, 0.8 ev, 2.0ev, 2.5ev, and 2.8ev. these are the only photon energies observed. (a) draw and label a possible energy-level diagram for one of the microscopic objects, which has four bound states. on the diagram, indicate the transitions corresponding to the emitted photons. explain briefly. (b) would a spring–mass model be a good model for these microscopic objects? why or why not? (c) the material is now cooled down to a very low temperature, and the photon detector stops detecting photon emissions. next, a beam of light with a continuous range of energies from infrared through ultraviolet shines on the material, and the photon detector observes the beam of light after it passes through the material. what photon energies in this beam of light are observed to be significantly reduced in intensity (“dark absorption lines”)? explain briefly.