How were conditions on the early earth of more than three billion years ago different from those on today's earth? unlike earth today, early earth

The plum pudding model of the atom state that ?

The free body diagram shows a box being pulled to the left up a 25-degree incline. the magnitude of the normal force is

Light that is polarized along the vertical direction is incident on a sheet of polarizing material. only 96% of the intensity of the light passes through the sheet and strikes a second sheet of polarizing material. no light passes through the second sheet. what angle does the transmission axis of the second sheet make with the vertical?