The orbital period of an object is 2 × 107 s and its total radius is 4 × 1010 m.
the tangential speed of the satellite, written in standard notation, is
⇒ 12,560 m/s.

Tangential velocity (Vt) is the arc length (a) covered per unit of time (t):

Vt=a/t

Period (p) is the time needed to cover a complete circle, which length would be pi*2*radius (the same as the circle perimeter formula).

So you have to replace a for the perimeter and t for the period.

Vt=pi*2*r/p

Vt=pi*2*(4 × 10^10 m)/ (2 × 10^7 s)=12566m/s

(The number can vary a little with rounding – the difference is less than 1%).

c) up is the direction the magnetic force is acting on the charge.

scattering of light by tiny particles in air to produce the colors we see on sky, is dependent on the following factors:

(i) wavelength of light

(ii) size of the scattering particle  

(iii) distance traveled by light through the atmosphere.

according to rayleigh's law of scattering, the amount of scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of its wavelength. shorter the wavelength, greater is its scattering. hence violet/blue light is scattered more than red.

sun's light is a composite light ( visible light) with wavelengths in the range 400 nm (violet) to 700 nm (red). as sunlight passes through our atmosphere, the molecules of air scatter light according to their wavelengths. during sunrise and sunset, the sun's position is below the horizon. hence light from the sun travels a greater distance in the atmosphere when compared to its position a noon.

as sunlight enters the earth's atmosphere, blue light is scattered away and at the end of its journey in the sky, only red and orange wavelengths remain in the beam.

hence at sunrise and sunset, the sky appears reddish orange.