The variable is observed, measured, and affected by the independent variable.​

It would be the dependent variable.

Explanation:

The dependent variable is limited and can be affected by the changes and manipulation of the independent variable.

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the best answer for these questions would be:

1.            c. is smaller

2.            d) concrete operational

3.            b) interaction with the environment – the children interact with their environment can them learn more.

4.            a) parents who reason openly with children can limit a child’s cognitive ability.