A sample of gas, initially with a volume of 1.0 L, undergoes a thermodynamic cycle. Find the work done by the gas on its environment during each stage of the cycle described below. (Enter your answers in J.) (a) First, the gas expands from a volume of 1.0 L to 6.0 L at a constant pressure of 6.5 atm.
(b) Second, the gas is cooled at constant volume until the pressure falls to 1.0 atm.
(c) Third, the gas is compressed at a constant pressure of 1.0 atm from a volume of 6.0 L to 1.0 L. (Note: Be careful of signs.)
(d) Finally, the gas is heated until its pressure increases from 1.0 atm to 6.5 atm at a constant volume. (e) What is the net work done by the gas on its environment during the complete cycle described above?

(a) W = 3293 J = 3.293 KJ

(b) W = 0 KJ

(c) W = -506.6 J = -0.507 KJ

(d) W = 0 KJ

Net Work = 2.786 KJ = 2786 J

Explanation:

(a)

The work done is given as:

where,

P = Constant Pressure = (6.5 atm)(101325 Pa/1 atm) = 6.59 x 10⁶ Pa

V₁ = initial volume = (1 L)(0.001 m³/1 L) = 0.001 m³

V₂ = final volume =  (6 L)(0.001 m³/1 L) = 0.006 m³

Therefore,

W = 3293 J = 3.293 KJ

(b)

Since the volume is constant in this stage. Therefore,

ΔV = 0

As a result:

W = 0 KJ

(c)

The work done is given as:

where,

P = Constant Pressure = (1 atm)(101325 Pa/1 atm) = 1.01 x 10⁵ Pa

V₁ = initial volume = (6 L)(0.001 m³/1 L) = 0.006 m³

V₂ = final volume =  (1 L)(0.001 m³/1 L) = 0.001 m³

Therefore,

W = -506.6 J = -0.507 KJ

negative sign show that the work is done on the gas by the environment.

(d)

Since the volume is constant in this stage. Therefore,

ΔV = 0

As a result:

W = 0 KJ

Net work will be the sum of all the works:

Net Work = 3.293 KJ + 0 KJ - 0.507 KJ + 0 KJ

Net Work = 2.786 KJ = 2786 J

graph slopes whilst gas cools, then it is flat whilst conensation to liquid happens, the coolong liquid then graphs as a slope when it solidifies graph is flat

latent heat

-first use of geothermal energy occurred more than 10,000 years ago in north america by american paleo-indians

-the first industrial use of geothermal energy began near pisa, italy in late 18th century

-in 1904, italian scientist piero ginori conti invented the first geothermal electric power plant in which steam was used to generate the power

-with the above experiment, the first geothermal plant in usa started in 1922 with a capacity of 250 kilowatts

-however, in 1946 first ground-source geothermal heat pump installed at commonwealth building in portland, oregon

-during the 1960’s, pacific gas and electric began operation of first large scale geothermal power plant in san francisco, producing 11 megawatts

-in 1973, when oil crisis began many countries began looking for renewable energy sources and by 1980’s geothermal heat pumps (ghp) started gaining popularity in order to reduce heating and cooling costs

-as effect of climate change started showing results, governments of various countries joined hands to fight against it, for which kyoto protocol was signed in japan in 1997, laid out emission targets for rich countries and required that they transfer funds and technology to developing countries, 184 countries have ratified it

hope this