A solar cell has a short circuit current density of 30 mA cm2 and opern circuit voltage of 0.60 V under one-sun illumination at room temperature Use the ideal diode equation to calculate the open circuit voltage which is expected under illumination by 100 suns, stating any assumptions made. In practice an open-circuit voltage of 0.66 V is measured. Compare this with your result and suggest reasons for any discrepancy.

Cyclotrons are widely used in nuclear medicine for producing short-lived radioactive isotopes. these cyclotrons typically accelerate h- (the hydride ion, which has one proton and two electrons) to an energy of 5 mev to 20 mev. this ion has a mass very close to that of a proton because the electron mass is negligible—about 1 2000 of the proton’s mass. a typical magnetic field in such cyclotrons is 1.9 t. (a) what is the speed of a 5.0-mev h-? (b) if the h- has energy 5.0 mev and b = 1.9 t, what is the radius of this ion’s circular orbit?