If you buy an amateur-sized reflecting telescope, say around 10 inches (25cm) aperture, it'll have something in it that sends the gathered starlight out the side of the telescope tube. What do we call this thing

objective lens

Explanation:

Light enters a refra

Light enters a telescope through a lens at the upper end, which focuses the light near the bottom of the telescope. An eyepiece then magnifies the image so that it can be viewed by the eye, or a detector like a photographic plate can be placed at the focus. The upper end of a reflecting telescope is open, and the light passes through to the mirror located at the bottom of the telescope. The mirror then focuses the light at the top end, where it can be detected. Alternatively, a second mirror may reflect the light to a position outside the telescope structure, where an observer can have easier access to it.

c)as speed changes, wavelength and frequency change.

everything changes!