How to cause a short circuit?​

Newton's law of universal gravitation states that the force f between two masses, m1 and m2, is given below, where g is a constant and d is the distance between the masses. find an equation that gives an instantaneous rate of change of f with respect to d. (assume m1 and m2 represent moving points.)

Aseries circuit consists of a resistor with r = 20 ? , a capacitor with c = 0.01 f, and a decaying battery with e = 300e? 5t. if the initial charge is 0, find the charge as a function of time t

Light traveling in water, nwater = 1.33, strikes a plastic block at an angle of incidence of 51.4°; part of the beam is reflected and part is refracted. if the index of refraction of the plastic is 2.0, what is the angle made by the reflected and refracted beams?