HELP what is the relationship between Isaac Newtons first law and voyager 1 and 2 spacecrafts?

In a heat engine if 1000 j of heat enters the system the piston does 500 j of work, what is the final internal energy of the system if the initial energy was 2000 j ?

Two polarizers are oriented at 40∘ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. if only 16 percent of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?

The speed of light can be used to measure the