after a radioactive atom decays, it is the same element that it was before with no measurable change in mass. which kind of decay has occurred, and how do you know? alpha decay because alpha particles have no mass beta decay because this kind of decay cannot change one element into another alpha decay because it creates a new isotope of the same element gamma decay because photons have no mass

i think the answer would be b

their crystal patterns have been disrupted by stress

the order for strong to weak forces such as

strong nuclear force → electromegnetic force → weak nuclear force → gravitational force

the fundamental forces are those forces that act between to objects or element to make interactions. there are four types of fundamental forces such as strong and weak nuclear forces (due to protons and electrons), electromagnetic force (due to the motion of electrons) and gravitational force (due to orbital movement of the planet). if these forces are arranged on the basis of their maximum strength then the order is

strong nuclear force → electromegnetic force → weak nuclear force → gravitational force