Apump and its horizontal intake pipe are located 82 m beneath the surface of a large reservoir. the speed of the water in the intake pipe causes the pressure there to decrease, in accord with bernoulli's principle. assuming nonviscous flow, what is the maximum speed with which water can flow through the intake pipe? (assume atmospheric pressure is 1.01 105 pa.)

Ans : Bernoulli's principle states for incompressible non-viscous flow that p/Ď + gâ™h + (1/2)â™v² = constant Evaluate the equation along a stream line from liquid surface of the reservoir (1) to the inlet of the pipe pâ‚/Ď + gâ™hâ‚ + (1/2)â™v₲ = pâ‚‚/Ď + gâ™hâ‚‚ + (1/2)â™v₂² => vâ‚‚ = âš[ 2â™(pâ‚-pâ‚‚)/Ď + 2â™gâ™(hâ‚-hâ‚‚) + v₲ ] lets make some assumptions: - the pressure at the liquid surface is equal to the atmospheric pressure pâ‚ = 1atm = 101325Pa - the velocity of the liquid at the surface (that is the speed at which the liquid level in reservoir decreases) is quite small, so it may be ignored: v₠≠0 So vâ‚‚ = âš[ 2â™(pâ‚-pâ‚‚)/Ď + 2â™gâ™(hâ‚-hâ‚‚) ] The height difference is fixed. So the only variable remaining is the pressure in the pipe. As higher it is as lower the velocity in the pipe is. So you get the maximum velocity for the minimum pressure. Since pressure cannot drop below zero this is pâ‚‚ = 0 Therefore vâ‚‚max = âš[ pâ‚/Ď + gâ™(hâ‚-hâ‚‚) ] = âš[ 2â™101325Pa/1000kg/mÂł + 2â™9.81m/s²â™12m ] = 20.93m/s

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  sequence  is a continuous and distinctive band of  stars  that appears on plots of stellar  color  versus  brightness. these color-magnitude plots are known as  hertzsprung–russell diagramsafter their co-developers,  ejnar hertzsprungand  henry norris russell. stars on this band are known as  main-sequence stars  or  dwarf stars. these are the most numerous true stars in the universe, and include the earth's  sun.after condensation and ignition of a star, it generates  thermal energy  in its dense core region through  nuclear fusion  of  hydrogen  into  helium. during this stage of the star's lifetime, it is located on the main sequence at a position determined primarily by its mass, but also based upon its chemical composition and age. the cores of main-sequence stars are in  hydrostatic equilibrium, where outward thermal pressure from the hot core is balanced by the inward pressure of  gravitational collapse  from the overlying layers. the strong dependence of the rate of energy generation on temperature and pressure to sustain this balance. energy generated at the core makes its way to the surface and is radiated away at the  photosphere. the energy is carried by either  radiation  or  convection, with the latter occurring in regions with steeper temperature gradients, higher opacity or both.the main sequence is sometimes divided into upper and lower parts, based on the dominant process that a star uses to generate energy. stars below about 1.5 times the  mass of the sun  (1.5  m☉) primarily fuse hydrogen atoms together in a series of stages to form helium, a sequence called the  proton–proton chain. above this mass, in the upper main sequence, the nuclear fusion process mainly uses atoms of  carbon,  nitrogen  and  oxygen  as intermediaries in the  cno cycle  that produces helium from hydrogen atoms. main-sequence stars with more than two solar masses undergo convection in their core regions, which acts to stir up the newly created helium and maintain the proportion of fuel needed for fusion to occur. below this mass, stars have cores that are entirely radiative with convective zones near the surface. with decreasing stellar mass, the proportion of the star forming a convective envelope steadily increases. main-sequence stars below 0.4  m☉undergo convection throughout their mass. when core convection does not occur, a helium-rich core develops surrounded by an outer layer of hydrogen.in general, the more massive a star is, the shorter its lifespan on the main sequence. after the hydrogen fuel at the core has been consumed, the star  evolves  away from the main sequence on the hr diagram, into a  supergiant,  red giant, or directly to a  white dwarf.