When there is a change of state, such as a solid to liquid or liquid to gas, heat energy can be added without a temperature change because a) the added energy is not needed. b) the energy is lost to the system. eliminate c) the change of state requires energy. d) the energy is lost to the atmosphere.

An alpha particle with kinetic energy 12.5 mev makes a collision with lead nucleus, but it is not "aimed" at the center of the lead nucleus, and has an initial nonzero angular momentum (with respect to the stationary lead nucleus) of magnitude l = p0 b, where p0 is the magnitude of the initial momentum of the alpha particle and b=1.40×10−12 m. (assume that the lead nucleus remains stationary and that it may be treated as a point charge. the atomic number of lead is 82. the alpha particle is a helium nucleus, with atomic number 2.) what is the distance of closest approach?