The same amount of heat energy is added to equal masses of lead, iron, basalt, and water at room temperature. assuming no phase change takes place, which substance will have the smallest change in temperature?

By comparing the specific heats of the listed materials, we will see that the one with the smallest change in temperature is water.

We define the specific heat of a material as the amount of energy that they need to increase its temperature per unit of mass.

For the given materials, the specific heats are:

So we can see that water has the largest specific heat, meaning that, to increase one gram of water by 1 kelvin degree, you need to give it 4.184 Joules of energy. Thus, if we give all of these materials the same amount of energy, the one that will have the smallest increase in temperature is water.

If you want to learn more about specific heat, you can read:

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what is the question?

multiple allele inheritance is traits controlled by more than 2 alleles (ex: pigeons having 3 alleles of one gene govern their feather color).