Consider the radial field fx, y,z and let s be the sphere of radius a centered at the origin. Compute the outward flux of f across s using the representation z for the sphere (either symmetry or two surfaces must be used).

3. manufacturing institutions, because capitalists  are about making money. 

Number 3 is the logical, go-to answer for the classical school of thought as they strongly believe that an individual commits a crime of their own free will and fully understands the  consequences, making them liable to whatever punishment is dealt to them.