In the middle of the 19th century political philosopher.

The authors use the word “backbone” in lines 3 and 39 to indicate that

Which scenario describes intraspecific, indirect competition? a. a peacock defends its territory against another peacock. b. lions and hyenas compete for the same prey animals. c. a male black bear eats fish in an area of a lake, so other black bears can’t. d. different species of birds fight over spilled popcorn on the ground.

What did pavlov initially notice about the animals in his original research after conditioning took place?