Students were heavily involved in the early protests against the war. a survey by the urban research corporation, for the first six months of only, and for only of the nation's two thousand institutions of higher education, showed that at least students had participated in campus protests, that had been arrested, that had been suspended or expelled. even in the high schools, in the late sixties, there were five hundred underground newspapers. at the brown university commencement in 1969, two-thirds of the graduating class turned their backs when henry kissinger stood up to address them.