Much research on adults as well as adolescents indicates that the gaps between and in everyday situations are very large, with everyday decision making laden with logical errors that cannot be explained by cognitive incompetence.

Healthy persons often show declines in performance across a wide range of cognitive capacities as they become older, including memory, processing speed, spatial ability, and abstract reasoning.

Option (d) is the correct answer, that is logical reasoning abilities & their actual use of logical reasoning.

This suggests that most people become stuck in an issue not because they lack the ability to solve it, but because they do not fully employ their cognitive capacities and identify numerous techniques that may be used to solve it.

For more information about cognitive transitions, refer below

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