Joe is suffering from kidney dysfunctionality. joe's doctor advises him to start taking injections instead of tablets as that would be more effective and would cure him sooner. however, joe fears hypodermic needles and refuses to be injected. in this scenario, joe seems to have

In this scenario, Joe seems to have "a specific phobia".

A specific phobia is any sort of nervousness issue that adds up to an unreasonable dread identified with exposure to particular articles or circumstances. Thus, the influenced individual has a tendency to maintain a strategic distance from contact with the items or circumstances and, in extreme cases, any mention or depiction of them. Like in the given case Joe is afraid of needles.

b) trade is easy because of the direct line between their major ports. bilateral trade reached 89,6 thousand million.