Reasoning starts with an empirical puzzle, generates a hypothesis, then uses specific cases or evidence to test the hypothesis.

"Deductive" reasoning starts with an empirical puzzle, generates a hypothesis, then uses specific cases or evidence to test the hypothesis.

Deductive reasoning is a logical procedure in which an end depends on the concordance of different premises that are for the most part thought to be true. Deductive thinking is once in a while alluded to as best down rationale. Its counterpart, inductive thinking, is here and there alluded to as base up rationale. Where deductive thinking continues from general premises to a particular end, inductive thinking continues from particular premises to a general end.  

answer; (d) none of the above;