Generally, state appellate decisions are based on court transcripts, however in some instances, the felony court will grant a new trial known as:

answer; the trial de novo

answer; i believe the correct answer is (4) flip a coin as each participant arrives,heads indicates assignment to the first group: tails indicates assignment to the second group;

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.