Whose research identified the characteristics of an effective bureaucratic organization?

I believe the answer is: Max weber

According to weber, There are six characteristics that needed by a bureaucratic in order to run effectively. Those characteristics are Proper chain of command, written rules, division of labor within organizatrion, goal oriented mindset, impersonal environment, and efficient operation.

the factors that the economies of the muslim empires prosper were:

1- land trade routes-located between three continents  

2- sea trade routes

trade contributed to the spread of muslim empires, and with that islamic culture led to a growing feeling of internationalism resulted in the transfer of technology, science, and other cultural forms.