Which of the follow is not a required characteristic of a civilization? a. a developed culture. c. the creation of defined laws. b. the presence of organized religion. d. the development of industrialization.

Suppose that sociologists and cultural anthropologists are tying to measure the amount of child abuse for cross cultural comparison. they run into disagreement over whether spanking a child is abuse or discipline. what problem are they encountering in their research? a. reliability of the definition of abuse. b. validity of the definition of abuse. c. occam's razor about the definition of abuse. d. none of these.