How are decisions by the supreme court under chief justice john marshall strengthened federal power

What does the term mandate” mean in terms of civil rights and liberties?

What is grievance 28 on the declaration of independence explained in simpler words? plz

Which factor contributed to the rise of african empires such as ghana and mali ? a. their creation and involvement in trade networks b. they focused only on agricultural production. c. they didn’t engage in warfare with other nations d. their geographic location protected them from attacks.