As members of society, individuals are constrained in their behavior by laws and customs. these constraints are

The correct answer would be Social Facts.

Explanation:

As member of society, individuals are constrained in their behavior b laws and customs. These constraints are called Social Facts.

Social facts are basically external to the individual but they affect the individual a lot. Social facts put a constraint on the individual regarding many things, like taking decision about yourself would highly be affected by the social facts. Social facts include norms, values, laws, statuses, beliefs, institutions, population distribution, urbanization, etc. These all factors are external but they affect and constraint an individual a lot.

answer; when one group has an extremely high score at pretest;

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