What term refers to the mental frame or lens that selectively organizes information, thereby orienting individuals toward a unique way of understanding experiences that shapes their choices and behaviors?

The term that refers to your definition given in this sentence is mindset. This term is a collection of beliefs and thoughts that constitute a mental attitude, tendency, habit, or disposition that predetermines interpetitions and reactions of a person to events, circumstances, and situations. In this way, total thinking is formed, combined with the interaction of thoughts and appropriate emotions and images. This can of course be variable, by changing the way of thinking, everything that is external reality changes. By changing mindset, we change everything else,  our circumstances, the environment.

“Once your mindset changes, everything on the outside will change along with it.” — Steve Maraboli

d. the polar jet stream   lies between the polar easterlies and trade winds should be your answer