An excerpt from brown vs. board of education, 1954. segregation of white and negro children in the public schools of a state solely on the basis of race, pursuant to state laws permitting or requiring such segregation, denies to negro children the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the fourteenth amendment -- even though the physical facilities and other "tangible" factors of white and negro schools may be equal. (a) the history of the fourteenth amendment is inconclusive as to its intended effect on public education. (b) the question presented in these cases must be determined not on the basis of conditions existing when the fourteenth amendment was adopted, but in the light of the full development of public education and its present place in american life throughout the nation. (c) where a state has undertaken to provide an opportunity for an education in its public schools, such an opportunity is a right which must be made available to all on equal terms. (d) segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race deprives children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities, even though the physical facilities and other "tangible" factors may be equal. (e) the "separate but equal" doctrine adopted in plessy v. ferguson, 163 u. s. 537, has no place in the field of public education. (f) the cases are restored to the docket for further argument on specified questions relating to the forms of the decrees. why does the court determine that the notion of "separate but equal" ought not apply to this case? a) because public education changes the rules of the game, necessitating racial integration. b) because the plessy v. ferguson case is still pertinent. c) because "separate but equal," if sound in theory, has never worked out in practice, and thus must be abandoned everywhere. d) because the fourteenth amendment militates against "separate but equal" and insists upon integration in all cases.

The correct answer is: A)Because public education changes the rules of the game, necessitating racial integration

While the answer is poorly written, the base theory is correct.

Public Education was the perfect vehicle to expose the absurdities of the segregated system of society in the United States and forced a reexamination of segregation policies.

development:   floodplain development often directly impacts wetlands by removing vegetation (increasing bank erosion),   and filling or draining wetlands for building sites.   floodplain development sometimes indirectly impacts riparian wetlands through the installation of artificial stream stabilizing devices like rip-rap and bulk-heads that attempt to stop the natural meandering process which creates new wetlands and replenishes existing ones.    

road building:   most river valleys have roads and/or railroads.   these structures squeeze rivers and streams by narrowing the floodplain.   this destabilizes the river which   has less room to meander and therefore has an excess of energy.   the roads and railroads also affect drainage from uplands onto the floodplains, and many are built on top of areas that once were wetlands.   such roads often create long, low-quality wetlands upslope of the road by interrupting surface and groundwater flows.   these wetlands can attract wildlife dangerously close to roads.   wetland loss caused by roads is mitigated through the restoration of other impacted wetlands although the replacement wetlands are not always of the same type and quality as those lost. see montana department of transportation's off-site wetland mitigation reserves map.

grazing: overgrazing harms wetlands through soil compaction, removal of vegetation, and stream bank destabilization.   wetlands offer some of the best forage for livestock as well as a water source and cover, so livestock tends to spend a disproportionately large time in wetlands.   there are many grazing strategies that discourage cattle from using wetlands. click on rwrp's web site for a discussion of these strategies.

agriculture:   wetlands often have fairly flat areas of rich organic soil that is highly productive agricultural land if drained.   for this reason many wetlands have been drained and converted to agricultural lands.  

mining: historic mining has had a major impact on wetlands of the clark fork basin, particularly along the upper river where mine wastes have been deposited in the floodplain, creating the country’s largest superfund site. view the superfund site.  

the epa also list the following as major human causes of wetland loss:   logging,   runoff, air and water pollution, introducing nonnative species. see examples of nonnative species here.

the following lists specific damaging actions commonly taken in wetlands.

dumping:   dumping fill material buries hydric soils and effectively lowers the water table so hydrophytic (water loving) plants cannot compete with upland plants.  

            dredging:   the removal of material from a wetland or river bed.   dredging of streams lowers the surrounding water table and dries up adjacent wetlands.

            draining:   water is drained from wetlands by cutting ditches into the ground which collect and transport water out of the wetland.   this lowers the water table and dries out the wetland.    

            diverting flow:   water is diverted around wetlands, lowering the water table.  

            devegetation:   vegetation plays an important role in wetland ecology by removing water through evapotranspiration, altering water and soil chemistry, providing habitat for wildlife, and reducing erosion.   removal of vegetation can drastically and sometimes irreversibly alter wetland function.

            damming flow:   many ponds and reservoirs are constructed on wetlands.   a flooded wetland cannot provide the same habitats and functions.  

            development of springs:   pumping large quantities of water from springs lowers nearby groundwater and can result in the loss of wetland vegetation.   compaction of springs by cattle can cause springs to cease to flow.

explanation:

answer; i believe the correct answer is norming;