Roommates selena and marguerite had an argument. selena had just finished videotaping herself for a class presentation, and her video-recorder was still running. selena described their argument to jeremy, a mutual friend, explaining that she was very upset because marguerite had been hostile and disrespectful toward her during the argument. the video showed that the argument was heated, but did not include anything that jeremy would characterize as hostile or disrespectful. under the approach, selena's view that she had been subjected to hostility and disrespect would be considered valid, even when nobody else saw it that way.