Aresearcher asks an irb to waive the requirement for parental permission for a study conducted in schools because the nature of the research requires participation of all the children present in classrooms on the day the research will take place. assuming that the basic research design could be approved by the irb and the school, which of the following requirements must be met before an irb could waive parental permission? the students must be offered an optional classroom activity. parents must be notified that the study is taking place. an independent consultant must approve the waiver. the research must pose no more than minimal risk.

gold discovery in california, and pioneer settlers were sometimes pulled west because they wanted to make a better living. others received letters from friends or family members who had moved west. these letters often told about a good life on the frontier. the biggest factor that pulled pioneers west was the opportunity to buy land.

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for many centuries there were important factors which the economies of the muslim empires developed increasingly. they applied economic procedures in production, investment, finance, taxation and property. they used to tax certain goods (for example: harvest), they charged interest on money lent, they signed contracts with merchants; they relied on a common currency, and they used checks as well as promissory notes. with the money collected by means of taxation, the government provided the needy with an income. in addition, trading networks covered huge distances, so far regions started to have contact and exchange goods. this trade network covered areas of asia, africa and europe.