The proposition that heritable characteristics that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely to be passed on to subsequent generations is known as:

natural selection

Explanation:

Natural selection is differential survival as well as the reproduction of the individuals because of the differences in the phenotype. It is the key mechanism of the evolution, change in heritable traits characteristic of the population over the generations.  

Charles Robert Darwin popularized term "natural selection", contrasting term with the artificial selection, which in the view is intentional, whereas the natural selection is not.

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