Dr. johnson posts an announcement on her course web page that she is administering an exam on thursday. on thursday, she is surprised to find that over half of the class didn't prepare for the exam or did not study the correct material. this misunderstanding illustrates which aspect of communication competence?

For each of the following, mark whether it is a possible confounder (a factor that mixes up the results, making it look like candy is to blame when it's a causal (or causation) link which supports the argument that candy causes criminal behavior (ie, explains how candy leads to criminality ), or neither (an irrelevant factor, something that may cause people to become criminals but has nothing to do with eating candy). choose your answers based only< on the information given. additives in candy- additives found in candy may adversely affect brain development of young children in ways that could contribute towards adult aggression. impulsive personality-- kids who are highly impulsive and have trouble delaying gratification are more likely to eat candy every day as children and more likely to disobey laws as adults. violent abuse-- children who suffer violent abuse are more likely to become violent adults and commit violent crimes. gender- boys are overwhelmingly more likely to commit violent crimes

Ratification of the constitution did not come easy. two groups fought over whether or not the constitution was a good government for us: the federalists and anti-federalists. if these factions existed today, which group do you think you would support? compose a paragraph explaining which group you would support. explain why you would support either group by including at least 3 examples of beliefs you support/disagree with.

Which steps are important when designing and conducting a scientific experiment? hide the results from fellow scientists. identify the independent variable. eliminate all dependent variables. address any confounding variables. form a non-falsifiable hypothesis.