Observations, tested hypotheses, and the laws of other scientific disciplines are incorporated into that explain broad biological principles and allow predictions to be made about the properties of living organisms.

Theories

Explanation:

Theories in the world of science is an unproved conclusions and ideas based on the observations based on hypothesis rather than proved scientific theory.

Theories are a group of statements or explanations which have been established over time from many different individual experiments.

Thus observations and tested and proved hypothesis and also various laws which is derived from other scientific disciplines are incorporated into theories which is used to explain broad biological principles and laws.

Thus the answer is theories.

as university of miami psychologists debra lieberman and adam smith pointed out in a recent article in the journal current directions in psychological science, humans have social and psychological mechanisms to deter incest. with very few exceptions, marriages between brothers and sisters and between parents and their children are verboten in every human culture. the primary psychological anti-incest mechanism is the yuck response. even the idea of sex with their mom or dad, bro or sis is upsetting to most people. the psychologist jonathan haidt has found that nearly everyone is repelled by the prospect of brother-sister sex, even in hypothetical situations in which there is no chance of pregnancy).

the biological cost of incest

this raises an interesting question: just what’s so bad about incest? sure, having sex with your dad or your sister seems gross — but why? some anthropologists have argued that incest taboos are learned social conventions. this explanation, however, doesn’t make sense to me as it does not explain the widespread existence of anti-incest mechanisms in creatures ranging from cockroaches to chimpanzees. second, the incest taboo is about as close to a universal law as human moral rules get.

why should mechanisms to avoid incest be so widespread both in nature and across human societies? the answer is simple. the problem with having sex close with relatives is that there is an astonishingly high chance that your offspring will be born with a serious birth defect.

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