How does washington defend african american citizens’ loyalty to the u. s?

c( because they were pro republican after the civil war becuase lincoln was a republican and the democrats were pro white but after the great depression and FDR who was a democrat they switched

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.