if, under a given assumption, the probability of a particular observed event is extremely small, we conclude that the assumption is probably not correct. this represents the

rare event rule

Explanation:

Rare event rule: It states that if any assumption is made and the likelihood of a certain noticed event is quite small, then the assumption is likely to consider as incorrect. In other words, this is very unlikely to happen or occur, and is measured as a probability. So, a rare event is an event having a small probability of existence.

The fundamental assumption of inferential statistics work with rare events, and because of this probability is used so broadly.

it is a bolivia your welcome

the answer is either c or d i think its d