"a researcher hangs a mobile over the crib of 4-month-old anya. when the researcher attaches anya s foot to the mobile with a long cord, anya can, by kicking, make the mobile turn. the turning of the mobile is an example of a(n) " reinforcer punishment unconditioned stimulus conditioned response

A reinforcer

Explanation:

A reinforce is something like that increases the likelihood of specific behavior or response will occur. Reinforcer occurs after the response or behavior that you want to increase that behavior. For example, a quiz is skipped after the summary of the prevention program is completed. The parents who want to increase the likelihood of their children for a specific behavior that when their child cleans the room, praises them and after clean the room the behavior changed of the child increase their self-efficacy related to that specific task performance. Even we all get the reinforce without getting in consciousness.  

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.