Read this passage about seals and sea lions and then answer the question that follows:

from a distance, they both look like seals, but once you get up close you can actually see the difference. seals and sea lions are both fish-loving mammals. moreover, handy flippers propel them both through the water. but while seals have a tiny opening on the side of their heads, sea lions have actual earflaps. furthermore, sea lions use their back flippers like feet to scoot along the beach. on the other hand, seals must wriggle and roll to get ahead. on the whole, when you visit a zoo or theme park, it's the honking, barking, funny sea lion you're likely to find playing to the crowds for fishy treats, earflaps and all.

in the passage about seals and sea lions, what is the purpose of the transition on the whole?

a. to show a contrast
b. to show a comparison
c. to emphasize an idea
b. to summarize

freeborn women in ancient rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office. because of their limited public role, women are named less frequently than men by roman historians. but while roman women held no direct political power, those from wealthy or powerful families could and did exert influence through private negotiations. exceptional women who left an undeniable mark on history range from lucretia and claudia quinta, whose stories took on mythic significance; fierce republican-era women such as cornelia, mother of the gracchi, and fulvia, who commanded an army and issued coins bearing her image; women of the julio-claudian dynasty, most prominently livia (58 bc-ad 29), who contributed to the formation of imperial mores; and the empress helena (c.250–330 ad), a driving force in promoting christianity.

women in the ancient greek world had few rights in comparison to male citizens. unable to vote, own land, or inherit, a woman’s place was in the home and her purpose in life was the rearing of children. this, though, is a general description, and when considering the role of women in ancient greece one should remember that information regarding specific city-states is often lacking, is almost always from male authors, and only in athens can their status and role be described in any great detail. neither are we sure of the practical and everyday application of the rules and laws that have survived from antiquity. we do know that spartan women were treated somewhat differently than in other states. for example, they had to do physical training like men, were permitted to own land, and could drink wine.

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