According to erikson’s psychosocial theory,
a. crises occur when the ego is in conflict with the superego.
b. all development involves the resolution of crises.
c. nurturing parents should always protect their children from crises.
d. later mental health issues always result from early developmental crises.

D

Explanation:

Erick Erickson was a neo-Freudian. he was a social cognitive psychologist who took Freud's controversial theory on psycho-sexual stages theory. He emphasized that psycho-sexual stages such as ego make a positive contribution to development by mastering attitude, ideas, and skills at each stage of development. This mastery helps the children to grow successful, contributing members of society. During each stage of psycho-social theory stages, there are psycho-sexual conflicts that must be successfully overcome for a child to develop into a healthy and well adjusted young adult. If the failure occurs to these mastery leads to inadequacy in life or crisis in adulthood.

they can increase to boost the enonomy.

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.