Found only in the western hemisphere and surviving through extremes of climate, hummingbirds' range extends from alaska to tierra del fuego, from sea-level rain forests to the edges of andean snowfields and ice fields at altitudes of 15,000 feet.

(a) found only in the western hemisphere and surviving through extremes of climate, hummingbirds’ range extends

(b) found only in the western hemisphere, hummingbirds survive through extremes of climate, their range extending

(c) hummingbirds, found only in the western hemisphere and surviving through extremes of climate, with their range extending

(d) hummingbirds, found only in the western hemisphere and surviving through extremes of climate, their range extends

(e) hummingbirds are found only in the western hemisphere, survive through extremes of climate, and their range extends

(B) Found only in the Western Hemisphere, hummingbirds survive through extremes of climate, their range extending

Explanation:

The correct answer (B) contains both a main subject and a main verb (hummingbirds survive) and the opening phrase properly introduces hummingbirds.

The final modifier - "their range extending" -  may sound strange. This construction is correct, though likely to be used only in a more formal writing.

the correct answer is the following is a list of inventions made in the medieval islamic world, especially during the "islamic golden age" (8th to 13th centuries),[1][2] as well as the late medieval period, especially in the emirate of granada and the ottoman empire.

science and technology in the islamic world adopted and preserved knowledge and technologies from contemporary and earlier civilizations, including persia, india, china, and greece-roman antiquity, while making a number of improvements and innovations.

which sentences ? that question is incomplete