cliff has vivid memories of burning his hand on a birthday candle at his seventh birthday party. but his mother corrects him, saying, "you never burned your hand. but i would tell you at every birthday to be careful of the candles." which theoretical model best accounts for cliff’s misremembering?

constructionist theory

Explanation:

According to the constructionist theory in order for a person to understand the world around them a person creates mental models. This learning process is cumulative i.e., the person learns new things by using the information they already posses.

Here, Cliff has created a mental model which makes him think that he was told to be careful of candles because of some event that occurred in the past. His mind has created a mental model where he burnt his hand and hence was told to be careful of the candles.

as university of miami psychologists debra lieberman and adam smith pointed out in a recent article in the journal current directions in psychological science, humans have social and psychological mechanisms to deter incest. with very few exceptions, marriages between brothers and sisters and between parents and their children are verboten in every human culture. the primary psychological anti-incest mechanism is the yuck response. even the idea of sex with their mom or dad, bro or sis is upsetting to most people. the psychologist jonathan haidt has found that nearly everyone is repelled by the prospect of brother-sister sex, even in hypothetical situations in which there is no chance of pregnancy).

the biological cost of incest

this raises an interesting question: just what’s so bad about incest? sure, having sex with your dad or your sister seems gross — but why? some anthropologists have argued that incest taboos are learned social conventions. this explanation, however, doesn’t make sense to me as it does not explain the widespread existence of anti-incest mechanisms in creatures ranging from cockroaches to chimpanzees. second, the incest taboo is about as close to a universal law as human moral rules get.

why should mechanisms to avoid incest be so widespread both in nature and across human societies? the answer is simple. the problem with having sex close with relatives is that there is an astonishingly high chance that your offspring will be born with a serious birth defect.

answer; protectionism fosters competition and keeps price regulated;