Principlism, especially in the context of bioethics in the united states, has often been critiqued for raising the principle of autonomy to the highest place, such that it trumps all other principles or values. how would you rank the importance of each of the four principles? how do you believe they would be ordered in the context of the christian biblical narrative? refer to the topic overview and other topic study materials in your response.

The topic of ethics in general, and especially bioethics, is not an easy one to explain. However, we can start by saying that ethics, and bioethics, are the frameworks under which a person, and especially one involved in the scientific and healthcare fields, must work in order to judge whether an action taken towards the care of a patient, or a group, meets the criteria for it to be good, or not. Especifically for bioethics, there are four ruling principles to which all healthcare professionals adhere: autonomy, justice, beneficence and non-maleficence. However, and according to the question, in the U.S, driven by the ideas of principlism, autonomy has been risen above any of the other three ethical principles, when essentially it is said that for a decision in healthcare to be ethical, it needs to adhere to all four principles equally. As such, I would say that the answer to your questions would be:

1. In general, I do not believe that one of the principles can be ranked higher than the other three, simply because they should be working in synchronicity, given that they all are meant to ensure the best care possible, and the welfare, of the patient, those around him and society at large. I do not agree with the view that autonomy should be ranked the highest especially because in a society with such diverse views on ethics, and making the right choice, it is known that a patient´s choice may not be in his/her best interest. I think all four need to be balanced and have equal standing when a healthcare provider decides on a course of action in accordance with a patient and having the patient´s best interest at heart.

2. In the Christian biblical narrative, it must be remembered that the first ethical value that was considered was that of justice, being just was seen as the highest correct way to act. Afterwards beneficence and non-maleficence appeared later on, with the initiation of Christiandom, when other principles were placed above simple justice. However, just because this happened in that way does not mean that justice lost its importance, or value; it was simply placed on the same level as the others. Autonomy was probably the last of the four principles to be developed, as awareness of the differences in human beings were acknowledged and the freedom of choice was opened. Initially, especially at the beginnings of the biblical narration, autonomy was simply unheard of.

hygrometers and hair thermometers (often found as part of hygrometers/psychrometers) can be used to measure humidity. barometers are used to measure atmospheric pressure, while anemometers are used to measure wind speed. so the 2nd and 4th choices should be the correct answers.