Publishers were surprised by the dramatic success of the book fifty shades of grey and believe that it would likely generate a fresh cycle of female-targeted romances packaged for the mainstream reader. this is an example of a(n) force impacting the marketing environment.

social force

Explanation:

Any effective urge or impulse that leads to social action. Specifically, a social force is a consensus on the part of a sufficient number of the members of society to bring about social action or social change of some sort. In the plural, the social forces are the typical basic drives, or motives, which lead to the fundamental types of association and group relationship.

the correct answer is d